How is malaria spread?

Malaria Disease

Malaria is a disease
caused by Plasmodium, protozoan parasite. The term malaria was first used by
Torti in 1753. Italian word 'Mal' meaning polluted and 'Aria' meaning air. From
these comes the word Malaria' (Malaria). The female Anopheles mosquito is the
carrier of the disease. The malaria parasite Proliferates in red blood cells,
causing symptoms of anemia in the patient. However, initially people thought
that this disease was caused by consuming polluted air. The ancient Greek
physician Hippocrates, known as the "Father of Medicine", first
described the symptoms of the disease and tried to correlate it with the time
of year it occurred and where the patients lived.

The first documented
treatment of malaria dates back to the 1600s, when indigenous peoples of Peru
used the bitter bark of the cinchona tree medicinally. By 1649 it was available
in England as "Jesuit Powder".

By 1880, Charles
Laveron identified a single-celled parasitic protozoa from red blood cells as
the cause of malaria. As a result, the centuries-old misconception that
exposure to polluted air causes disease has ended. British doctor Sir Ronald
Ross working in India in 1897 proved that Anopheles (Anopheles) mosquito acts
as a carrier of this disease. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Medicine in
1902 for this groundbreaking discovery.

Malaria is usually
diagnosed by microscopic examination of blood using blood films or
antigen-based rapid diagnostic tests. Modern technology has improved the use of
polymerase chain reaction to detect parasite DNA, but is not widely used in
malaria-affected areas due to its cost and complexity.

How is malaria spread?

When the Anopheles
mosquito feeds on the blood of a malaria patient, the gametocyte stage (male
and female gametocytes) of the malaria parasite enters the mosquito's body.
From these stages, the sporozoite in the body of the mosquito is transformed
into the stage and stays in the salivary gland of the mosquito. When a mosquito
carrying sporozoites ingests the blood of a healthy person, the sporozoites are
transformed into merozoites in the infected person's liver. Merozoites are
released into the blood and destroy red blood cells.

The main symptoms of
malaria are: -

1) Fever with
Trembling

2) High temperature
(105F-106F)

3) Nausea with severe
headache

5) After a while fever
leaves with sweat

There are three
stages of malarial fever, namely-

1) Cold Dasha- 10
minutes to 1 hour lasts

2) Utapa Dasha- 1
hour to 4 hours lasts

3) Gham dasha- 2
hours to 3 hours lasts

Every year, about
51.5 million people are infected with the disease and about 10 to 30 million
people die, most of them children in Saharan Africa area. Malaria is a
well-known infectious disease and is a major public health problem.

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Contributions of various scientists on photosynthesis

 Some unknown facts about Photosynthesis

Green plants bind solar energy as a chemical energy through photosynthesis, first to glucose and then to other organic compounds such as carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, etc. So solar energy is the main source of all energy.

In 1896, the scientist Bernes coined the term photosynthesis, which is a combination of the Greek word photos, meaning light, and synthesis. The synthesis of something in the presence of light is called photosynthesis.

Melvin Kelvin, the son of non-resident Russian parents, was born in 1911 in Minnesota, USA. In 1956, he observed the 'Kelvin cycle' in the chlorella plant. He proved that the first organic compound produced in photosynthesis was phosphoglyceric acid (PGA). In 1961, scientist Kelvin won the Nobel Prize in Biology. This great scientist died in 1998.

Contribution of Scientists in Photosynthesis: -

1) J. B. Van Helmont (J. B. Van Helmont-1648): Proves that plants prepare food by absorbing fertilizer and water from the soil.

2) Stephen Hales (1727): Leaves play an important role in the nutrition of plants.

3) Joseph Priestly (1772): During photosynthesis, the plant releases oxygen gas.

4) Jean Senebier (1796): Plants absorb carbon dioxide gas during photosynthesis.

5) Pelletier (1818): The first green pigment in the plant is called chlorophyll.

6) Robert Von Mayer (1844): During photosynthesis, solar energy is converted into chemical energy.

6) Blackmann (1905): The process of photosynthesis is done in two stages - light reaction and dark reaction.

6) Samuel Ruben (1941): Using oxygen isotope (O18) proved that the oxygen produced in the process of photosynthesis is produced from water.

9) Benson & Calvin (1956): Observed the 'Kelvin cycle' in a plant called Chlorella.

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Some unknown facts about respiration

 What is meant by respiration and the scientists associated with it

Scientist Sir Hans Adolf Krebs was a German physician and biochemist. He was born in 1900 in Germany. He discovered the respiratory citric acid cycle (TCA Cycle). This cycle is called 'Krebs cycle' after the name of Krebs. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Medicine in 1953. This great scientist died in 1971.

In the process of respiration, this energy-containing food is oxidized by the oxygen in the cells of the organism and the static energy is converted into kinetic energy. This kinetic energy helps the organism to continue its various life functions. Therefore, the sole purpose of respiration is to provide the necessary energy to perform various physiological functions in the organism. Food and oxygen produced by photosynthesis are used in respiration, while carbon dioxide produced in respiration is used in photosynthesis. Therefore the two biological processes of photosynthesis and respiration are interdependent and inverse.

In 1780 AD, the French scientist Lavoisier explained the meaning of the first word, saying that respiration is a process of combustion by which the cell-mediated respiratory material is oxidized by oxygen and emits energy. The word respiration is derived from the Latin word "Respirare" meaning "breathing". Biological needs The energy required by the organism to control various biological functions on a regular basis. Organisms acquire that energy by absorbing food. The static energy in food, which is stored from solar energy through photosynthesis, is converted into kinetic energy through a biochemical process called respiration. In fact, the sole purpose of respiration is to generate the energy needed for the body to perform various physiological functions.

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The contribution of that scientist about the reproductive process

  Prominent scientists contributing to the reproductive process

Through the process of reproduction, every living thing maintains its existence in the offspring, preserve and reproduce. Through this reproduction the flow of life remains intact. The creature from which the offspring is born is called the Organisms and the creature from the progenitor is called the Offspring. The process by which Offspring are created from Organisms is called reproduction.

To put it more simply-

The biological process by which an organism produces a similar organism through its body parts and keeps its lineage intact by increasing its number is called reproduction.

Charles Bonnet was a French philosopher and naturalist. He was born in 1720 in Geneva, Austria. He performed many experiments on the reproduction of animals. The most important of his researches is parthenogenesis-related research. He was the first to shed light on this. He passed away in 1793 AD.

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