Where is the first word Kolkata found in history?

In the latter part of the seventeenth century, the metropolis of Calcutta arose centered on the three adjoining villages of Dihi Kolikata, Sutanati and Gobindpur. Among these, Kolkata is considered to be the city of Dihi Kolikata. But there is disagreement among historians about the origin of this name Kolkata or Kolikata.

The word Calcutta is found in Vipradas Piplai's 5th century work 'Mansamangal' and Mukundaram's Chandimangal. Besides, the name Calcutta is in the book 'Ain-e-Akbari' written by Abul Falj. However, according to local scholars, 'Mansamangale' and 'Chandimangale' - the context of Kolkata are projected.

Besides, some coins of the Gupta period were found while digging the soil near Kalighat in Kolkata. These include three coins of the reign of Dvadasaditya Chandragupta III and 15 coins of the reign of Vishnu Gupta. From this, many people think that Kolkata is not a modern city, it is an ancient area. However, the history of the origin of the name is not known. The popular ideas about the origin of the name Calcutta are-

1) The name Calcutta is believed to be derived from the worship of Maa Kali. It is known that there were Kalikshetra from Behala to Dakshineswar in Calcutta at that time. And his divine mother Kali lived in Calcutta. Later the Kapalikas fled with this Kali to the forest of Kalighat. And since then the presence of Maa Kali at Kalighat. Besides, many people also mention the worship of Maa Kali in Dakshineshwar. Because once Dakshineshwar was the capital of Bengal.

2) However, according to Radhakanta Dev, the name Calcutta is derived from 'Kil Qila' i.e. 'Kila or Kella'. And he also said - poet Ram's book is also like that.

3) Besides, the issue that has come up in the study of Kolkata naming - Koli means lime, and Kata means kiln, i.e. Kolikata or kolkata is a lime kiln. It is said that there were fishermen's houses here, they used to catch oysters and snails from the river. They were burnt to make lime here. Calcutta from that lime or koli.

4) Moreover, one more information emerges, the name Calcutta comes from 'Galgatha'. "Gal" means dead skull in Dutch. "Galgatha" means land of dead people's skulls. It is believed that Calcutta was like this in the beginning.

5) Many others put forward a completely unrealistic argument regarding this name. According to them the name Calcutta is derived from 'Khal-kata'. The people of Calcutta cut a canal to prevent the bargis. That was the Maratha Ditch. As a result the people of Calcutta became known as Dicher. So Calcutta is believed to have come from canal cutting. But this is an unrealistic argument. Because the city of Calcutta or Calcutta came from April 1700. But Bargi's time-table is seen forty years after that.

6) Besides, many people think that the name of Calcutta comes from grass cutting. Because then Calcutta was a grassy area. He was called Ghesura bhabal. One day a gentleman asked a local man when this grass was cut. In response, he says - tomorrow. And its distorted form is Calcutta.

7) But the historical idea that emerges is that Calicut was a place south of Calcutta at that time. It was there that the first ships of the West stopped, the Portuguese anchored. This Calicut is the original wealth of Calcutta. At that time, even in Europe, the goods of Calicut were very famous. Indian goods were known as Calicut goods, and it was known from the 'Made in Calicut' written on the packing box or sack. Therefore, the British were in trouble with Calicut. They built a factory there. But the problem is with the writing on the packing box or bag, because if you say 'Made in Hooghly' or 'Made in Sutanati', no one will buy it in the market. At that time the market was bustling  with 'Made in Calicut' products. So an English genius wrote 'KALKATA' on the packing box or sack. Calicut also started with 'K' and the spelling was very similar. So this loophole was not caught in the eyes of the customer. The goods of Sutanati started moving slowly in the market. And since then the Sutanati became Calcutta.

It is taken as evidence, transcribed by the British to Mir Jafar he has no objection to marking Alinagar to 'Calcutta'. And the British at that time were busy sending this news to the country faster than the news of the battle of Palashi.

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For which incident is May Day celebrated?

 

The history behind celebrating Labor Day in May is-

This day is celebrated as International Workers' Day in memory of the martyrs who died in Hay Market in Chicago, USA in 1886. On that day, the workers gathered there demanding 8 hours of daily work. Someone threw a bomb at the police who were surrounding them, in response to which the police started firing at the workers. As a result about 10-12 workers and police were killed.

In 1889, on the centenary of the French Revolution, the First Congress of the Second International was held in Paris. Socialist revolutionary Raymond Lavin proposed that the anniversary of the Chicago protests from the 1890s be observed internationally. This was the beginning of International Workers' Day. In 1891, this proposal was formally accepted at the Second International Congress in Paris. May Day is recognized.

The first May Day was celebrated in India on May 1, 1923. Hindustan Labor Kisan Party was the first labor organization to organize May Day in India. What was then Madras, now known as Chennai; Workers gathered there and observed the day by hoisting red flags. Today May Day is a very important day for almost all central trade unions and other organizations in India.

But strangely, May Day is not celebrated in USA and Canada, the countries where this incident took place. The two countries celebrate Labor Day on the first Monday of September. The reason for this is that the then leaders thought that if Labor Day was observed in May, it would have a bad effect among the workers.

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Areas of Kolkata that are notorious for being haunted, part-2

 

Haunted place of Kolkata

6) Calcutta Race Course Grounds: It is said that on the full moon Saturday night, the ghost of a white horse is seen running across the Calcutta Race Course. The horse named Pride actually belonged to a British gentleman. During the British era, 'William Saheb's white horse' was well known. When Pride lost the Derby at the Royal Calcutta Turf Club, Williams killed him in a fit of rage. That horse is seen on the field of the race course.

7) Rabindra Sarovar Metro Station: This station has been the witness of several terrible incidents at a time. Seeing an unusual scene at the station at night and disappearing immediately, this experience has also been experienced by many passengers. Besides, it is also heard that many people have seen shadow figures floating in front of their eyes while catching the last metro. Long ago, when the concept of Greater Kolkata was not developed, most of the incidents of suicide by jumping in front of trains took place around this station.

8) Wipro Office: In this Salt Lake office, employees often see various silhouettes during the night shift. And many people have also heard the voice of the body in the voice pressed next to the ear. The most terrifying place in that office is the three floors of tower number three. Due to which access to this place is prohibited, it remains locked most of the year. Local residents said that before the office building was built, there was a graveyard here. At that time there were several rapes and murders.

9) Hastings House: The home of Governor General Warren Hastings during the English period is now the college. Many of the students have seen a person with white skin riding around on a horse. It is, many believe, the insatiable soul of Warren Hastings. On the other hand, it is known that a teenager died while playing football on the field of Hastings House. Many people say that the laughter of that teenager and the sound of playing football can be heard at night.

10) National Library: Built in 1836, this National Library has a collection of rare books. The guards said that a woman's cry could be heard in the darkness of the night. Some say the spirit of Lord Metcalfe's wife still haunts the place. After reading a book, if you do not pick it up, do you hear heavy breathing near your neck? However, there is another ghost story about this national library - Governor General Warren Hastings was Marian's second husband. The Hastings couple ball danced in the estate's hall. The dances were attended by the invited elites of the British society of Calcutta. And this event was so crowded that he still couldn't forget the Belvidia estate. Late in the night of the English New Year, a carriage stopped in front of the deserted estate. Gov. General Warren Hastings came to participate in the balldance at the party! That's why one of the most 'haunted' places for exorcists in Kolkata is the historic Belvidere Estate or today's National Library.

11) Akashwani Bhawan the presence of ghosts in Akashwani cannot be denied due to the empty long corridors, numerous studios and British infrastructure. Many of whom are heard entering the house and rummaging through the files habitually. Others see someone standing outside the recording room in the middle of the night listening to music.

12) Lower Circular Road Cemetery: Sir William Hay McNaughton is buried in the Lower Circular Road Cemetery. He was killed in the First Anglo-Afghan War. His body was buried in this cemetery. Sir William's wife brought her husband's dismembered body from Afghanistan and buried it in Calcutta. When Mr. William approached this tomb and uttered certain words, the shade tree in front of the grave trembled. It is said that the tree trembled at the outburst of William's angry spirit.

13) Nimtala Ghat: The crematorium was built in March 1828 and cremation started here since then. It is said that many people have felt the presence of the body in this crematorium. Apart from this, it is also said that some shadow figures are still seen late at night in the old crematorium next to Bhoothnath temple. Kapalika and Aghori saints worship here every night of Kali Puja.

14) Calcutta Port: Nawab Wajid Ali Shah built Calcutta i.e. Khidirpur port during East India Company. He shared a maritime trade relationship with the East India Company, which was incredibly successful. But the British cheated him and occupied his native land. Some sailors and traders in the region claim to have seen the ghost of the Nawab roaming around, which they believe is the spirit of the Nawab chasing revenge from the British.

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Why did 84 villages was vacated in one night?

 
Haunted Village Kuldhara

Kuldhara is an abandoned village located 18 km southwest of the city of Jaisalmer in Rajasthan. This state is India's largest state by land. It is believed that this village is haunted. All those who have tried to settle in this abandoned village have fallen under the grip of 'ghosts'. In 2010, Indian Paranormal Society came to Kuradhara for testing and they also spent the night in this village. They claim that they saw shadowy people moving at night. Heard some disembodied voices. It is also claimed that many spoke in a low voice. However, those who live around Kuldhara, however, have never admitted to any ghostly incident. However, many of them believe in the ancient stories surrounding this village.

According to folklore, the Paliwal Brahmins living in Kuldhara abandoned the village in the early 19th century due to the oppression of ruler Salim Singh. Allegedly, Selim's eyes fell on the village chief's daughter. He wanted to forcefully marry this girl. Salim announced that the chief's daughter must be handed over to him on a certain day and within a certain period of time, otherwise the result would not be good. Salim also warned of looting and torture in the village. Paliwal Brahmin family of 84 villages of Kuldhara province united after this announcement of Selim and they did not want to accept Selim's demand at all. However, no one wanted to face the wrath of the ruler. As a result, they made a decision.

One night they took the chief's daughter with them and left the village avoiding the ruler's eyes. Those villagers, in the condition there were in, leaves the village in that condition. All together in one night it was as if they went to Ube like Kappur. Where so many people went, it is never known. History finds no further trace of these Paliwal Brahmins in Kuldhara. It is said that the villagers cursed the tyrant Salim and the entire village before leaving the village in despair. Because of their curse no one else could ever live in that village. Since then the village has got the name of 'haunted'.

However, historians and researchers say that severe water crisis could be one of the main reasons why the village of Kuldhara at the heart of the Thar desert was emptied in the 19th century. Village wells and reservoirs gradually dried up. So no one else could live in the village. Statistics say that the population of Kuldhara was 1588 in the seventeenth or eighteenth century. In 1815 it decreased to 800. In 1890, there were only 37 villagers in Kuldhara. Gradually they also left the village. History does not tell of the disappearance of all leaving the village at once on a particular night.

According to a report published in 'Current Science' in 2017, one of the reasons for the disappearance of villagers leaving Kuldhara is probably the earthquake. Kuldhara's house is in the condition it is now, that damage is not possible in the normal course of nature. Some of the researchers claimed that the houses collapsed due to the big shock caused by the earthquake. But the name of the tyrant Salim Singh definitely comes up as one of the reasons why Kuldhara is empty. He imposed many taxes on the Paliwal Brahmins. As a result, no one could live in this village.

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Injustice to the dancer, Fatehpur Sikri dries up with curses

 

Reasons
for Abandonment of Fatehpur Sikri

Overjoyed at the birth of Jahangir,
Akbar built the new capital of his empire at Fatehpur Sikri in 1571 AD. But
Akbar had to change that capital again within 14 years. And all the speculation
about it. It is heard that this Fatepur Sikri had to leave due to water
problems. But one more incident is known from the pages of history.

When Akbar shifted the capital here, its
identity was a simple village called 'Sikri'. As a commemoration of the
conquest of Gujarat in 1573 AD, Akbar named this city 'Fatehpur Sikri' which
means city of victory. Akbar built ‘Buland Darwaza’ in this city to commemorate
the victory of Gujarat.

The 3 km long, 1 km wide palace city was
surrounded on three sides by an impenetrable 8 km long wall. On one side was a
deep pool. Notable parts of the palace are Dewan-i-Khas, Dewan-i-Am,
Ibadatkhana, Nahwatkhana and Birbal Mahal. Salim Chishti's mausoleum and Jama
Masjid are also favorite destinations for pilgrims.

Fatehpur Sikri was the Mughal capital
from 1571 to 1585. Even after the capital was shifted, people lived in Fatehpur
Sikri for some days. This city was completely abandoned in 1610 AD.

Zarina was Emperor Akbar's favorite
dancer at Fatehpur Sikri. There was a certain building for him. Reportedly, the
rest of the women in Akbar's harem became jealous of Zarina's rise. They
conspired to make the Tsarina a thief before the Emperor. Zarina failed to
prove herself innocent. Akbar punished him by cutting off both his hands as
punishment for theft. After that, Zarina disappeared from the pages of history.
It is not to clear what happened to him.

Meanwhile, Zarina's father became mad
because of the child's grief. And because of his curse, Fatepur city and its
adjacent areas slowly dried up. So it cannot be said how natural the phenomenon
of water drying up in Fatepur Sikri is.

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Areas of Kolkata that are notorious for being haunted, part-1

Haunted place of Kolkata

1)  Calcutta High Court: Nistar Raut was a sex worker. who fell in love with a businessman named Shalikhram. He wanted to get away from the stigma of this job and start a new life. He also petitioned the Calcutta High Court to remove his name from the register of sex workers. But that request was denied. Police found Nistar's body a few days later. He was recovered with his head severed from his body. There was no sign of clothes on the naked body, only nupur on the legs. In the long dark balcony of the Calcutta High Court, one can still hear the sound of her Nupur's sound. Besides, Court Room No. 13 of Calcutta High Court. The highest number of death sentences in the country has been given from here. Many people claim that anyone still walked into the court room late at night with bloody feet.

2)  Howrah Bridge: Howrah Bridge was opened for common people in 1943. This bridge, the pride of Kolkata is not only famous for its beauty but also known as a haunted place. Many people have committed suicide by jumping into the water of the Ganges from the Howrah Bridge. Many of the wrestlers who come to practice at 3 am have seen a floating hand on the water! Those who went to help thinking that someone was drowning, did not return. In addition, many people feel the presence of ghosts in front of Mallikghat Fulbazar under Howrah Bridge. Here again is the female ghost dressed in a white saree. Those who travel regularly, they witness one or the other horror incident every day. Sometimes many have seen a woman wearing a white saree walking on the Howrah Bridge at night. Passengers sometime hear crying of noise. They believe that a woman drowned in the Ganges. His soul now wanders.

3)  Indian Museum: A notable haunted house in Kolkata is the Indian Museum. This museum-house on Chowrangi Road or now Jawaharlal Nehru Road was built in 1875-78. There are ghost stories surrounding this Indian museum. Mr. Speak, the death of the worker, the one-time dance hall, that surrounds the most gruesome story, is an Egyptian mummy housed here. It is about four thousand years old. Many guards have seen him wandering around at night. Again, several employees have heard, anyone is walking softly on the stairs.A arousal gusty wind swirled around the mummy. A haunting atmosphere is created.

4)  Writer's Building: At night, the sound of footsteps and crying can still be heard in the empty Writer's Building! On December 8, 1930, prominent freedom fighters Vinay, Badal and Dinesh shot dead the then Inspector General Colonel Simpson. Here the presence of the Ghost is heard especially in the fifth block, i.e. where Simpson was killed. No one usually wants to stay here after dusk.

5)  Parkstreet Cemetery: Be careful in the cemetery! While this place is romantic during the day, it becomes terrifying at night. There are many strange stories surrounding this graveyard. The miracle of the return of souls, The cry of British people is bone-chilling. People's cries can still be heard if you listen carefully. The first grave was given here in 1767.

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The National Library was formed of two different libraries

 Kolkata's National Library

On February 1, 1953,
the then Education Minister Maulana Abul Kalam Azad inaugurated the 'National
Library' of the city of Kolkata and the former name of the building where it is
located in Kolkata is Belvidere Garden House. However, the process of
establishing the National Library started much earlier. Calcutta Public Library
was established in 1836 AD. The main entrepreneur was Joachim Stoeckeler alias
Joachim Haywards Sednos, editor of 'The Englishman'. Out of total twenty four
entrepreneurs, only two were Bengalis. Babu Rasikarishna Mallick and Babu
Rasmoy Dutta. It was then said that by donating 300 rupees, one can become the
proprietor of 'Calcutta Public Library'. Dwarkanath Tagore became the first
proprietor with this grant.

Then the 'Imperial
Library' was established in 1903 AD. But both these libraries were closed to
the general public. The users of these two libraries were high-ranking
government functionaries and people of the aristocracy. The then Viceroy and
Governor General Lord Curzon wanted to change this system. He brought the two
separate libraries together and established 'The Imperial Library'. At first it
started at Metcalfe Hall. In 1923 the library was moved to 6 Esplanade East.

In 1948, it was
decided that Belvidere House would be the permanent address of the Imperial
Library, with its new identity as 'The National Library'. Its doors were opened
to the common people of independent India on February 1, 1953. This library is
a collection of more than twenty lakh books in different languages of the
world. About 19,500 magazine are taken in this library.

Of course, there are
national libraries in the rest of the country's cities. But far ahead in terms
of tradition and nobility is this library of Belvidere Estate, Alipore,
Kolkata. Apart from the main building of 72 Bigha 8 Katha 4 Chhatak land,
various departments of the National Library are scattered in some other
buildings.

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There are various ghost stories surrounding the National Library of Kolkata

 

National Library of Calcutta

Alipore's elite Belvidiare
Garden House is now the National Library. Prince Azim Us Khan, grandson of
Aurangzeb and son of Bahadur Shah Jafar I, built the ' Belvidiare Garden House'
in 1700 AD for his own residence. He was the Subedar of Bengal-Bihar-Orissa.
The word belvediare means beautiful view in Italian. A particular Gothic style
palace is called 'Belvidiare'.

After being ousted by
the British, Mirzafar moved to this house in Alipur. He later gifted Belvidiare
Garden House to Warren Hastings. Warren Hastings was the Governor of Bengal
from 1772-1774. After the Boxer War he go back to England. He then returned as
the Governor General of India in 1782 AD and was accompanied by his lover, the
beautiful German Baroness Marian Inhoff. Now Belvidiare was became their
residence. Then Hastings sold Belvidiare House to Major Tolley in 1780. After
many changes, Belvidiare became the residence of the Lieutenant Governor of
India during Lord Dalhousie's tenure. Witnessing a long history, this building
became the National Library in 1953.

However, this
Belvidiare building in British Calcutta witnessed a historical duel. The duel
took place under a tree near Belvidiare Estate. Here contested between Warren
Hastings and Philip Francis and there was this competition about German
Baroness Marianne. Francis was wounded by Hastings in the duel. German Baroness
Marianne Imhoff and Warren Hastings eventually married. The Hastings couple
ball danced in the estate's hall. In this event were attended by the invited
elites of the British society of Calcutta. Hastings spent the rest of his life
in his native England and died there. But he still could not forget Belvidere
estate. Late in the night of the English New Year, a carriage stops in front of
the deserted estate. Gov. General Warren Hastings comes to participate in the
balldance at the party!

Apart from this, the
guards of the National Library have said that a woman's cry can be heard in the
darkness of the night. Others say the spirit of Lord Metcalfe's wife still
haunts the place. After reading a book, if he does not correctly pick it up, he
hears heavy breathing sounds near his neck. And for all these reasons, it is
one of the most 'ghostly' places for the exorcists of Kolkata.

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In the past this area of Kolkata was known as Cinema Para

 Kolkata's 'Cinema para'

Hatibagan area of
North Kolkata is a unique monument of the history of old Kolkata. From the
battle of Palashi to the Second World War or the crowd of spectators in cinema
halls, the role of Hatibagan is undeniable. And very few people of the present
generation know that Kolkata's Hatibagan was known as the 'Cinema para' of
Kolkata. There were many theaters or cinemas here. Three days in a week -
Thursday, Saturday and Sunday, this area of Kolkata used to become very crowded
for watching movies. Although in recent times all the single screen cinema
halls in this area have almost closed due to multiplexes. Only two cinemas –
one “Minar” and the other “Star” continue to carry the history of Cinema para.

In 1883, a Parsi
merchant named Jamshedji Framji Madan built two theater halls named
'Cornwallis' and 'Crown' in Hatibagan area of North Kolkata. After that, in
1935, the name of 'Cornwallis' was changed to 'Uttara' and the name of 'Crown'
was changed to 'Sri'. This Uttara was the first cinema hall in Hatibagan area.

Then as the fame of
Uttara spread, many people became eager to build more cinema halls in this area
one by one. Cinema halls built in this area are 'Sri' (April 25, 1931),
'Rupbani' (December 19, 1931), 'Chitra' (1931) later renamed 'Mitra' on April
5, 1963, 'Radha', 'Talkie show house' (in 1930), 'Darpanaa' (in 1931),
'Khanna', 'Vidhusree' and 'Purnasree'.

Among them, 'Rupbani'
was the most luxurious in those days as it was air-conditioned, had three
lobbies for entry and exit of visitors, separate parking spaces, a well-kept
garden and women's restrooms. And it was named by Rabindranath Tagore himself.
Besides, Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose himself inaugurated the movie hall of New
Theater Studio 'Chitra', and later it was bought by Hemanthkumar Mitra and the
new name was 'Mitra'. Among them, the then owner of Radha cinema hall, Swargiya
Balaichand Biswas, made it a rule to show only Bengali films to protest against
the British. Moreover Apart from Bengali, Hindi and English films were shown in
the 'Talkie Show House' cinema hall in Fariapukur area.

Not only Cinema Para,
but here in history, the then Nawab of Bengal, Sirajuddaula, took refuge in
this area with an elephant army to attack Fort William, with the aim of
liberating Calcutta from the British occupation. And since then this area is
called Hatibagan. Although another story is heard, a rich man, whose surname
was Hati, built a garden house in this area. And from that the name of this
place is 'Hatibagan'. However, it is not clear which is correct in naming the
area.

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Name of the founders of various institutions created in Indian history

 

Names of various
institutions and founders in history: -

1) Hindustan
Socialist Army: Bhagat Singh

2) Swadesh
Bandhav Samiti: Ashwinikumar
Dutta

3) Dayanand
Anglo-Vedic College: Lala Hansraj

4) Victoria
Institution: Keshavchandra
Sen

5) Metropolitan
Institution: Ishwarchandra
Vidyasagar

6) Indian
Republican Army: Surya Sen

7) Indian
League: Shishir Kumar
Ghosh

8) Lotus and
Dagger: Arvind Ghosh

9) Mohammedan
Anglo Oriental College: Syed Ahmed

10) Mahabodhi
Society: Dharmapal

11) Zamindar Sabha: Dwarkanath Tagore

12) Sarbajanik
Sabha: Mahadev
Govinda Ranade

13) Khoda-e-Khidmdgar: Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan

14) Bharat Sevak
Samiti: Gopal Krishna Gokhale

15) Samaj Seva
League: Narayan Malhar Joshi

16) The Bengal
India Society: George
Paget Thomson

17) Baptist
Mission College: William Carey (in 1818)

18) Indian
Association: Surendranath Banerjee

19) Education
Society: Mahadev Govinda Ranade

20) Servants of
India Society: Gopalkrishna Gokhale

21) Asiatic Society: William Jones

22) National
Conference: Abdullah Sheikh

23) Missionaries
of Charity: Mother Teresa

24) Unitarian
Congregation: Rammohan Roy

25) Dharamsabha: Radhakanta Dev (in 1830)

26) Normal
School: Ishwarchandra Vidyasagar

27) Gananation
Sobha: Devendranath Tagore

28) Bose Science
Temple: Jagdish Chandra Bose

29) Congress
Socialist Party: Acharya Narendra Dev and
Jayaprakash Narayan (in 1934)

30) All India
Kisan Sabha: Swami
Sahagananda Saraswati (in 1936)

31) Seva
Samiti: Haridas Nath Kunjro (1914 at Allahabad)

32) Satya Sodhak
Mandal: Mahatma Jyotiba Phule (in 1873)

33) Swadesh Bandhab Samiti: Ashwinikumar Dutta of
Barisal district

34) Harijan Sevak
Sangh: Mahatma Gandhi (It was previously named All India Anti-Untouchability League)

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An mockery incident in Indian history

 A mockery of history

There have been many
events in history that can be called nothing but irony or pranks. During the
British period, a similar incident happened in the history of India which can
be called nothing but the irony of history.

Joseph Bamfield
Fuller, an ICS officer who was George Nathaniel Curzon's accomplice in the 1905
Bengal Partition Conspiracy, was first promoted to the rank of Lieutenant
Governor of East Bengal and Assam. After that, he assumed the image of Rudra in
suppressing the Swadeshi movement. When the boys of 2 schools of Sirajganj in
East Bengal joined the anti-partition movement, he sent a letter to the
Viceroy's Council to cancel the recognition of those two schools. But the
council canceled it in one word. In protest, Fuller submitted his resignation
letter on August 20, 1906. He was removed as lieutenant governor under pressure
from the viceroy and members of the council.

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When did the tradition of celebrating Valentine's Day start?

 Where does the name Valentines come from?

It cannot be said exactly from where the tradition of
celebrating the day of love started as Valentine's Day. Because the Latin word
'Valentinus' or 'Valentine' means able or strong. However, there are roughly
three types of opinions in history regarding the celebration of this day:-

First opinion,

According to Roman Catholic records, the surname 'Valentine' was
added to the names of at least a dozen Christian saints from the second to
eighth centuries. Many of them gave their lives in Rajrosh. So there is a lot
of confusion about who exactly Valentine's Day is celebrated for. In AD 827 the
title was found next to the name of a Pope. But not much information about him
is available in history.

For which Valentine's Day is celebrated today, he died in 270
AD. According to a thirteenth-century document, Saint Valentine was executed by
Roman Emperor Claudius II. Because he was helping different young Christians to
get married.

Emperor Claudius II believed that unmarried young men could form
strong armies. As a result, he banned marriage in his empire.

Saint Valentine did not take this instruction of the emperor
well. He kept secretly helping different young Christians to get married.
Enraged at his defiance, Claudius ordered his execution. On the order of the
emperor, Saint Valentine was beheaded and executed.

According to another document, the bishop of Tarni in Italy was
also executed by Claudius II in the Middle Ages. Because of the similarity
between the two events, many people believe that this bishop and Saint Valentine
are the same person, who  was helping
different young Christians to get married against in Roman emperor Claudius II.

Saint Valentine was killed in the suburbs of Rome on or around
February 14, 3rd century AD. Originally, Valentine's Day was a day of sacrifice.
Later in the Middle Ages Geoffrey Chaucer associated love with it. In his
works, the association of love was first associated with this day. Gradually
the idea became popular. Now Valentine's Day and love are inseparable.

Second opinion,

So far only one person has been identified as Saint Valentine.
Somewhere else her name is Saint Valentina. He was executed in Palestine in
July 308 AD. Therefore, the Eastern Orthodox Church celebrates Valentine's Day
twice a year, on July 6 and July 30.

Third opinion,

Even in pagan times before the spread of Christianity, there was
a custom of celebrating a festival at the end of winter at the beginning of
spring. In ancient Roman civilization, mid-February was the day of Faunus, the
god of fertility. On that Parban, the unmarried youths of the village take a
notes from a box. Names of virgin girls were written on it. The young man who
mentioned the girl's name was considered a love pair from that day. Sometimes
this relationship even reached marriage.

This custom continued into the fifth century after the rise of
Christianity. But then gradually this attitude disappeared. According to
historians and researchers, fertility festivals of ancient civilizations also
disappeared.

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